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1
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2
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- define biotechnology, DNA, and other related terms
- compare methods of plant and animal improvement
- discuss historic applications of biotechnology
- explain the concept of genetic engineering
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3
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- describe applications of biotechnology in agriscience
- state some safety concerns and safeguards in biotechnology
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4
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- Biotechnology is a tool of agriscience
- Promises unprecedented advancements
- Has real dangers
- Definition of Biotechnology
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5
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- Living organisms have been used for centuries to alter and improve the
quality and types of food for humans and animals
- Yeast to make bread rise
- Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut
- Bacteria to produce cheese and other dairy products
- Microorganisms to make alcoholic beverages
- Bacteria in silage production
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6
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- Improvement by Selection
- Improvement by Genetics
- Improvement by Biotechnology
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- Soon followed domestication of the dog, horse, sheep, goat, ox and other
animals thousands of years ago
- Purchasing, selling, bartering and trading got people animals with
desirable traits
- Mating plants and animals with desirable traits resulted in selective
breeding
- Historical evidence in the development of the horse
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8
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- Gregor Johann Mendel
- Austrian Monk who is credited with discovering the effect of genetics
on plant characteristics
- Experimented with garden peas
- Published findings in 1866
- People didn’t pay much attention
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- Mendel’s work would have been lost if not recorded
- 1900 other scientist reviewed, built upon his observations, and
conclusions
- Today Gregor Johann Mendel is credited for discovering the principles of
heredity
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10
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- Improvement by manipulating the genetic content of cells
- Permits more choices for the researcher, more rapid observation of
results
- New capability with amazing implications
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- Over 300,000 kinds of plants
- Over 1 million kinds of animals
- All are different in some ways
- All plants and animals are alike in some ways
- All contain DNA
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- Cloning is common scientific knowledge
- Early 1980’s Genetic Engineering developed
- Discovery credited to James Watson and Francis Crick.
- Rosalind Franklin actually deserves most of the credit.
- function
- composition
- transmitter of hereditary information
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- DNA occurs in pairs of strands intertwined
- Connected by chemicals called bases
- Likened to the two sides of a wire ladder
- Bases likened to the rungs and include:
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
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14
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- Examples of traits:
- hair color
- tendency for baldness
- height of plants at maturity
- tendency of females to have twins
- Gene Splicing
- Gene Mapping
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15
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- Microscopic plants and animals lend themselves to genetic engineering
- Produce quickly and can be genetically engineered to produce products
need by other plants, animals, and humans
- One of first commercial products was insulin
- Used by people with diabetes to control their blood sugar levels
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16
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- 1988- first use of ice-minus
- 1988 use of genetically altered bacteria for Dutch Elm Disease
- BST and PST
- Roundup and Liberty Ready corn and soybeans
- BT Corn
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17
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- Genetic engineering and other forms of biotechnology hold great promise
in controlling:
- Diseases
- Insects
- Weeds
- Other pests
- Environment will be enhanced
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18
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- Environmental Pollution is a major problem
- Landfills are becoming full
- Old dump sites are creating problems
- Waste is piling up
- Sewage and chemical disposal is a constant problem
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- Genetically altered bacteria are used to feed on oil slicks and spills
- Bacteria are being developed to decompose or deactivate dioxin, PCBs,
insecticides, herbicides, and other chemicals
- Bacteria are under development to convert solid wastes into sugars and
fuel
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20
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- Federal and state governments monitor biotechnology closely
- Fear of genetically modified organisms
- Policies, procedures and laws have been developed
- Gaining in public confidence
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Notes
